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<font face="Monotype Corsiva" color=#D900D9"> © anoXmous </ font>
<font face="Monotype Corsiva" color=#D900D9"> @ http://thepiratebay.sx/user/Zen_Bud </font>

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Only 3 percent of the water
on our planet is fresh.

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Yet these precious waters
are rich with surprise.

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All life on land is ultimately
dependent upon fresh water.

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The mysterious tepuis of Venezuela -

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isolated mountain plateaus
rising high above the jungle.

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This was the inspiration
for Arthur Conan Doyle's 'Lost World,'

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an imagined prehistoric land.

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Here, strange towers of sandstone
have been sculptured over the millennia

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by battering wind and torrential rain.

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Moisture rising as water vapour
from the surface of the sea

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is blown inland by wind.

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On reaching mountains,
the moisture is forced upwards

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and as it cools, it condenses
into cloud and finally rain -

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the source of all fresh water.

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There is a tropical downpour here
almost every day of the year.

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Fresh water's journey starts here,
high in the mountains.

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Growing from humble streams
to mighty rivers

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it will travel hundreds
of miles to the sea.

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Angel Falls,
the highest waterfall in the world.

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Its waters drop unbroken
for almost a thousand metres.

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Such is the height of these falls

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that long before the water reaches
the base in the Devil's Canyon

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it's blown away as a fine mist.

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In their upper reaches,

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mountain streams are full of energy.

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Streams join to form rivers,

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building in power,

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creating rapids.

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The water here is cold.

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Low in nutrients, but high in oxygen.

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The few creatures
that live in the torrent

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have to hang on for dear life.

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Invertebrates dominate
these upper reaches.

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The hellgrammite, its body flattened
to reduce drag,

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has bushy gills to extract
oxygen from the current.

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Black fly larvae anchor themselves
with the ring of hooks,

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but if these become unstuck,

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they're still held
by a silicon safety line.

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There are advantages to life in the fast stream -

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bamboo shrimps can just sit
and sift out passing particles

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with their fan-like forearms.

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Usually, these mountain streams
only provide enough food

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for small animals to survive.

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But with the spring melt here in Japan

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monsters stir in their dens.

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Giant salamanders, world's largest amphibian,

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almost two metres long.

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They're the only large predator
in these icy waters.

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They begin their hunt
at night.

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These salamanders have
an exceptionally slow metabolism.

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Living up to 80 years
they grow into giants.

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The fish they hunt are scarce

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and salamanders have poor eyesight.

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But sensory nodes
on their head and body

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detect the slightest changes
in water pressure.

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Free from competition,

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these giants can dine alone.

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Pickings are usually thin
for the salamanders,

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but every year some
of the world's high rivers

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are crowded by millions of visitors.

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The salmon have arrived.

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This is the world's largest
fresh water fish migration.

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Across the northern hemisphere

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salmon, returning from the ocean
to their spawning grounds,

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battle their way
for hundreds of miles upstream.

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Up here, there are fewer predators
to eat their eggs and fry.

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A grizzly bear.

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From famine to feast -

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he's spoilt for choice.

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This Canadian bear is very special -

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he's learnt to dive for his dinner.

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But catching salmon in deep water
is not that easy

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and the cubs have lots to learn.

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The annual arrival
of spawning salmon

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brings huge quantities
of food into these high rivers

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that normally struggle
to support much life.

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Although relatively lifeless,

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the power of the upland rivers
to shape the landscape

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is greater than any other stage
in a river's life.

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Driven by gravity,

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they're the most erosive forces
on the planet.

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For the past 5 million years

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Arizona's Colorado river
has eaten away at the desert's sandstone

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to create a gigantic canyon.

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It's over a mile deep

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and at its widest
it's 17 miles across.

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The Grand Canyon.

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This river has cut
the world's longest canyon system -

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a 1,000 mile scar
clearly visible from space.

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As rivers leave the mountains behind,

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they gradually warm
and begin to support more life.

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Indian rivers are home
to the world's most social otter -

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smooth-coated otters
form family groups up to 17 strong.

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Group rubbing not only
refreshes their coats,

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but strengthens social bonds.

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When it comes to fishing

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there is real strength in numbers.

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Fishing practice begins
when the cubs are four months old.

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Only the adults have the speed
and agility needed to make a catch.

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Adults share their catches
with their squabbling cubs.

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Most otters are solitary,

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but these rich warm waters
can support large family groups

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and even bigger predators.

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Mugger crocodiles, four metres long,
could easily take a single otter.

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But, confident in their gangs,

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the otters will actively harass
these great reptiles.

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Team play wins the day.

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The Mara river,

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snaking across the plains
of East Africa.

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As the land flattens out

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rivers slow down
and lose their destructive power.

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Now they are carrying
heavy loads of sediment

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that stains their waters brown.

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Lines of wildebeest are on their march.

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Each year nearly two million animals
migrate across the Serengeti plains

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in search of fresh green pastures.

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For these thirsty herds

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the rivers are not only
a vital source of drinking water,

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but also dangerous obstacles.

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This is one of the largest concentrations
of Nile crocodiles in Africa,

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giants that grow over five metres long.

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From memory, the wildebeest are coming

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and gather in anticipation.

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The crocodile's jaws
snap tight like a steel trap -

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once they have a hold,
they never let go.

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It took over an hour
to drown this full-grown bull.

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To surprise their prey

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crocodiles must strike
with lightning speed.

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Here, only the narrowest line
separates life from death.

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Most rivers drain into the sea,

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but some end their journey
in vast lakes.

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Worldwide lakes hold twenty times
more fresh water than all the rivers.

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The East African Rift Valley
holds three of the world's largest:

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Malawi, Tanganyika, and Victoria.

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Lake Malawi, the smallest of the three,

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is still bigger than Wales.

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Its tropical waters teem
with more fish species

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than any other lake.

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There are 850 different cichlids alone,

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all of which evolved
from just one single ancestor

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isolated here thousands of years ago.

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These two-metre wide craters
are fish-made.

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Fastidiously maintained by the males,

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these bowls are courtship arenas.

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Cichlids are caring parents.

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Brooding young in the mouth
is a very effective way of protecting them.

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This lake can be a dangerous place.

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After dark, predatory dolphin fish
emerge from their daytime lairs among the rocks.

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Like packs of sharks,
they're on the prowl for sleeping cichlids.

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In the darkness these electric fish hunt

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by detecting distortions in the electric
field they create around their bodies.

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Any cichlid that trenches out
will be snapped up.

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The floor of Lake Malawi
drops 700 metres into an abyss.

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Here, in this dead zone

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the larvae of lake fly midges
hide out away from predators.

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In the rainy season
they balloon up to the surface

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and undergo a magical transformation.

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At dawn the first adult midges
start to break out.

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Soon, millions upon millions
of newly hatched lake flies

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are taking to the wing.

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Early explorers told tales
of lakes that smoked, as if on fire.

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But these spiralling columns
hundreds if metres high

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are mating flies.

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Once the flies have mated,

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they will all drop
to the water surface,

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release their eggs and die.

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Malawi may look like an inland sea,

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but it's dwarfed
by the world's largest lake -

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Baikal in Eastern Siberia.

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400 miles long and over a mile deep,

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Baikal contains one fifth
of all the fresh water

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found in our planet's
lakes and rivers.

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For five months of the year
it's sealed by an ice sheet over a metre thick.

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Baikal is the oldest lake in the world

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and, despite the harsh conditions,
life flourishes here in isolation.

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80 percent of its species
are found nowhere else on Earth,

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including the world's
only fresh water seal.

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With this seal

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and its marine-like forests of sponges

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Baikal seems more like
an ocean than a lake.

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There are shrimp-like crustaceans -
giant amphipods - as large as mice.

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They are the key scavengers
in this lake.

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The water here is just too cold for the bacteria
that normally decompose the dead.

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Most rivers do not end in lakes

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but continue their journey
to the sea.

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The planet's indisputable super-river
is the Amazon.

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It carries as much water
as the next top-ten biggest rivers combined.

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Rising in the Peruvian Andes,
its main trunk flows eastwards across Brazil.

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On its way the system drains
a third of South America.

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Eventually, over 4,000 miles
from its source,

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it empties into the Atlantic Ocean.

192
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The Amazon transports
a billion tonnes of sediment a year,

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sediment clearly visible
at the mixing of the waters

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where one massive tributary,
the Rio Negro, flows into the main river.

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Its waters are wonderfully rich.

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To date over 3,000 species
of their fish have been described -

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more than in the whole
of the Atlantic Ocean.

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The Amazon is so large
and rich in fish

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that it can support
fresh water dolphins.

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These botos are huge -
two and a half metres long.

201
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In these murky waters they rely
on sonar to navigate and hunt.

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They work together to drive
shoals of fish into the shallows.

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Botos are highly social

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and in the breeding season
there is stiff competition for mates.

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The males hold court
in a unique way.

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They pick up rocks in their jaws

207
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and flaunt them
to their attending females.

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Maybe each male is trying to show
how strong and dexterous he is

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and that he therefore is the best father
a female could have for her young.

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Successful displays lead to mating.

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Even for giant rivers like the Amazon

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the journey to the sea
is not always smooth or uninterrupted.

213
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Iguassu Falls on the border
of Brazil and Argentina

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is one of the widest waterfalls
in the world -

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one and a half miles across.

216
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In flood 30 million litres
of water spill over every second.

217
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All the world's
great broad waterfalls:

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Victoria, Niagara and here, Iguassu,

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are only found
in the lower courses of their rivers.

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In their final stages

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rivers broaden and flow wearily
across their flat flood plains.

222
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Each wet season here, in Brazil,

223
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the Parana river overflows its banks

224
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and floods an area
the size of England.

225
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The Pantanal -

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the world's largest wetland.

227
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In these slow-flowing waters
aquatic plants flourish

228
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like the Victoria giant water lily
with leaves two metres across.

229
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These underwater forests
are nursery grounds for fish.

230
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Over 300 species breed here,
including red-bellied piranha

231
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and other predators,
like the spectacle caiman.

232
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Ripening fig trees
overhanging the water's edge

233
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provide welcome food
for shoals of hungry fish.

234
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The commotion attracts dorado,

235
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known locally as the river tiger.

236
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They patrol the feeding shoals,

237
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looking for a chance to strike.

238
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And waiting in the wings,

239
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ready to pick off any injured fish,

240
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are the piranhas.

241
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The feeding frenzy quickly develops.

242
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Piranha can strip a fish
to the bone in minutes.

243
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Great numbers of fish
sustain vast flocks of water birds.

244
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The rose-eared spoonbill is just one of the 650
bird species found in the Pantanal.

245
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They nest alongside wood stocks
in colonies thousands strong.

246
00:44:13,020 --> 00:44:15,770
Spectacle caiman linger below,

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00:44:15,860 --> 00:44:18,940
waiting for a meal
to fall out of the sky.

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00:45:16,710 --> 00:45:18,840
When rivers finally reach the sea

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00:45:18,920 --> 00:45:23,760
they slow down, release
their sediment and build deltas.

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00:45:25,630 --> 00:45:29,810
In Bangladesh the Ganges
and Brahmaputra rivers join

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00:45:29,850 --> 00:45:32,020
to form the world's biggest.

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00:45:34,730 --> 00:45:39,400
Every year almost 2 thousand
million tonnes of sediment

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00:45:39,440 --> 00:45:43,440
eroded from the Himalayas
is delivered to the ocean.

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00:45:48,530 --> 00:45:53,080
At the delta's mouth -
the largest mangrove forest in the world,

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00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:55,000
the Sundarbans.

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00:46:01,550 --> 00:46:05,880
These extraordinary forests
spring up throughout the tropics

257
00:46:05,920 --> 00:46:09,510
in these tidal zones
where rivers meet the sea.

258
00:46:20,060 --> 00:46:23,690
Crab-eating macaques
are mangrove specials.

259
00:46:28,030 --> 00:46:35,250
In Indonesia these monkeys have
adopted a unique amphibious lifestyle -

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00:46:42,340 --> 00:46:45,210
they fish out fallen food.

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00:47:09,110 --> 00:47:15,120
The troop also uses the waters
to cool off during the heat of the day.

262
00:47:19,830 --> 00:47:25,340
But the channels are also the playground
for restless young macaques.

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00:47:31,010 --> 00:47:35,510
Some of the young have even taken
to underwater swimming.

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00:47:41,140 --> 00:47:44,190
They can stay down
for more than 30 seconds

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00:47:44,270 --> 00:47:47,400
and appear to do this
just for fun.

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00:47:59,960 --> 00:48:04,040
Yet these swimming skills
acquired during play

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00:48:04,080 --> 00:48:09,760
will certainly be useful  later in life
in these flooded mangrove forests.

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00:48:18,270 --> 00:48:22,190
In cooler climes, mud, laid down in estuaries,

269
00:48:22,230 --> 00:48:25,360
is colonised by salt marsh grasses

270
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:29,320
and form one of the most
productive habitats on the planet.

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00:48:59,560 --> 00:49:07,060
400,000 greater snow geese flock to the estuaries
along the Atlantic coast of the United States

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00:49:07,190 --> 00:49:11,690
to rest and refuel
on their long migratory journeys.

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00:49:49,060 --> 00:49:52,530
This is the end of the river's journey.

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00:49:52,570 --> 00:49:55,360
Collectively they've
worn down mountains

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00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:57,240
and carried them to the sea.

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00:49:57,280 --> 00:49:58,740
And all along the way,

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00:49:58,820 --> 00:50:04,160
their fresh water has brought life
and abundance to planet Earth.

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00:50:27,302 --> 00:50:42,302
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